Individual Differences

Overview Articles

This recent overview article summarizes 100 years of research on individual differences.
Sackett, P.R., Lievens, F., Van Iddekinge, C., & Kuncel, N. (2017). Individual differences and their measurement: A review of 100 years of research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102, 254-273.

Personality

My work on personality focuses on the criterion-related validity of personality in the long run and on alternatives to classic self-report measures of personality. I studied reciprocal effects of work on personality change.

Lievens, F., Harrison, S., Mussel, P., & Litman, J. (2022). Killing the cat? A review of curiosity at work. Academy of Management Annals, 16, 179-216.

Woods, S.A., Wille, B., Wu, C.H., Lievens, F., & De Fruyt, F. (2020). The influence of work on personality trait development: The Demands-Affordances TrAnsactional (DATA) model, an integrative review, and research agenda. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 110, 258-271.

Woods, S. A., Edmonds, G. W., Hampson, S. E., & Lievens, F. (2020). How our work influences who we are: testing a theory of vocational and personality development over fifty years. Journal of Research in Personality, 103930.

Wille, B., Hofmans, J., Lievens, F., Back, M., & De Fruyt, F. (2019). Climbing the corporate ladder and within-person changes in narcissism: Reciprocal relationships over two decades. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 115, 103341.

Woods, S., Lievens, F., De Fruyt, F., & Wille, B. (2013). Personality across working life: the longitudinal and reciprocal influences of personality on work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34, 7–25.

Lievens, F., Schäpers, P., & Herde, C.N. (2021). Situational Judgment Tests: From low-fidelity simulations to alternative measures of personality and the person-situation interplay. In D. Wood, P. Harms, S. Read, & A. Slaughter (Eds.) Emerging approaches to measuring and modeling the person and situation (pp. 285-311). London: Elsevier.

Sosnowska, J., Hofmans, J., & Lievens, F. (2021). Assessing personality dynamics in personnel selection. In J. F. Rauthmann (Ed.) Handbook of Personality Dynamics and Processes (pp. 1139-1157). London: Elsevier.

Lang, J.W.B., Lievens, F., De Fruyt, F., Zettler, I., & Tackett, J.L. (2019). Assessing meaningful within-person variability in Likert-scale rated personality descriptions: An IRT tree approach. Psychological Assessment, 31, 474-487.

Lievens, F. (2017). Integrating situational judgment tests and assessment center exercises into personality research: Challenges and further opportunities. European Journal of Personality, 31, 487-502.

Lievens, F. (2017). Assessing personality-situation interplay in personnel selection: Towards more integration into personality research. European Journal of Personality, 31, 424-440.

Schäpers, P., Krumm, S., Stenzel, N., & Lievens, F. (2023). Arousing motives or eliciting stories? On the role of pictures in a picture-story exercise. Assessment, 30, 551-564.

Anglim, J., Molloy, K., Dunlop, P. D., Albrecht, S., Lievens, F., & Marty, A. (2022). Values assessment for personnel selection: Comparing job applicants to non-applicants. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 31, 524-536.

Li, H., Fan, J., Zhao, G., Wang, M., Zheng, L., Meng, H., Weng, Q., Liu, Y., & Lievens, F. (2022). The role of emotions as mechanisms of mid-test warning messages during personality testing: A field experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 107, 40-59.

Anglim, J., Bozic, S., Little, J., & Lievens, F. (2018). Response distortion on personality tests in applicants: Comparing high-stakes to low-stakes medical settings. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 23, 311-321.

Runge, J. M., Lang, J. W. B, Zettler, I., & Lievens, F. (2020). Predicting counterproductive work behavior: Do implicit motives have incremental validity beyond explicit traits? Journal of Research in Personality, 89, 104019.

Anglim, J., Lievens, F., Everton, L., Grant, S. L., & Marty, A. (2018). HEXACO personality predicts counterproductive work behavior and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in low-stakes and job applicant contexts. Journal of Research in Personality, 77, 11-20.

Ferguson, E., & Lievens, F. (2017). Future directions in personality, occupational and medical selection: Myths, misunderstandings, measurement, and suggestions. Advances in Health Sciences & Education, 22, 387-399.

Klehe, U.C., Kleinmann, M., Hartstein, T., Melchers, K.G., König, C. J., Heslin, P., & Lievens, F. (2012). Responding to personality tests in a selection context: The role of the ability to identify criteria and the ideal-employee factor. Human Performance, 25, 273-302.

Christiansen, N., Hoffman, B.J., Lievens, F., & Speer, A. (2013). Assessment centers and the measurement of personality. In N. Christiansen & R. Tett (Eds.) Handbook of Personality at Work (477-497). New York (NY): Routledge.

Lievens, F., Ones, D.S., & Dilchert, S. (2009). Personality scale validities increase throughout medical school. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 1514-1535.

Lievens, F., De Corte, W., & Schollaert, E. (2008). A closer look at the frame-of-reference effect in personality scale scores and validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 268-279.

Lievens, F., Coetsier, P., De Fruyt, F., & De Maeseneer, J. (2002). Medical students’ personality characteristics and academic performance: A five-factor model perspective. Medical Education, 36, 1050-1056.

Cognitive Ability

My research on cognitive ability tests deals mostly with psychometric biases related to cognitive ability tests.

Lievens, F., & C.L. Reeve (2012). Where I-O Psychology should really (re)start its investigation of intelligence constructs and their measurement. Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice, 5, 153-158.

Reeve, C.L., Heggestad, E.D., & Lievens, F. (2009). Modeling the impact of test anxiety and test familiarity on the criterion-related validity of cognitive ability tests. Intelligence, 37, 34-41.

Lievens, F., Reeve, C.L., & Heggestad, E.D. (2007). An examination of psychometric bias due to retesting on cognitive ability tests in selection settings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1672-1682.

Lievens, F. (2004). Longitudinal study of the validity of different cognitive ability tests in a student admission context. Applied H.R.M. Research, 9, 27-30.

Emotional Intelligence

These studies examine the problematic use of self-reports as measures of emotional intelligence and propose both written and video-based Situational Judgment Tests (SJTs) as alternative ability measures.

Miners, C., Côte, S., & Lievens, F. (2018). Assessing the validity of emotional intelligence measures. Emotion Review, 10, 87-95.

Lievens, F., & Chan, D. (2017). Practical intelligence, emotional intelligence, and social intelligence. In J.L. Farr & N.T. Tippins (Eds.). Handbook of Employee Selection (2nd edition). Lawrence Erlbaum/Taylor & Francis.

McCann, C., Lievens, F., Libbrecht, N., & Roberts, R. D. (2016). Differences between multimedia and text-based assessments of emotion management: An exploration with the Multimedia Emotion Management Assessment (MEMA). Cognition and Emotion, 30, 1317-1331.

Libbrecht, N., Lievens, F., Carette, B., & Côté, S.C. (2014). Emotional intelligence predicts success in medical school. Emotion, 14, 64-73.

Libbrecht, N., De Beuckelaer, A., Lievens, F., & Rockstuhl, T. (2014). Measurement invariance of the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale scores: Does the measurement structure hold across Far Eastern and European countries? Applied Psychology: An International Review, 63, 223-237.

Libbrecht, N., & Lievens, F. (2012). Validity evidence for the Situational Judgment Test paradigm to emotional intelligence measurement. International Journal of Psychology, 47, 438-447.

Lievens, F., Klehe, U., & Libbrecht, N. (2011). Applicant versus employee scores on self-report emotional intelligence measures. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 10, 89-95.

Lievens, F., & Chan, D. (2010). Practical intelligence, emotional intelligence, and social intelligence (pp. 339-360). In J.L. Farr & N.T. Tippins (Eds.). Handbook of Employee Selection. Lawrence Erlbaum/Taylor & Francis.

Libbrecht, N., & Lievens, F., & Schollaert, E. (2010). Measurement equivalence of the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale across self and other ratings. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70, 1007-1020.

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